نامه انسان‌شناسی

نامه انسان‌شناسی

مرگ رودخانه و زوال میراث حسی: مطالعۀ انسان‌شناختی دگرگونی منظر زیست‌محیطی شهر رشت

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسنده
دانشیار انسان‌شناسی، پژوهشکدۀ مردم‌شناسی، پژوهشگاه میراث فرهنگی، گردشگری و صنایع دستی، تهران، ایران.
10.22034/jasi.2026.2094255.1651
چکیده
این مقاله با رویکرد انسان‌شناختی، دگرگونی منظر زیست‌محیطی شهر رشت را از خلال مطالعۀ رودخانه‌های زرجوب و گوهررود بررسی می‌کند. پژوهش یادشده بر پایۀ مردم‌نگاری، مشاهدۀ مشارکتی، مصاحبه‌های عمیق با ذی‌نفعان، مطلعان کلیدی و ساکنان محلی، همراه با تحلیل اسناد تاریخی و منابع کتابخانه‌ای انجام شده است. نویسندۀ مقاله بر این باور است که مسئلۀ این دو رودخانه صرفاً آلودگی آب نیست، بلکه می‌توان آن را در قالب مفهوم نظری «مرگ رودخانه» فهم کرد. در این پژوهش، مرگ رودخانه به‌عنوان فرایندی چندبعدی تعریف می‌شود که شامل مرگ اکولوژیک، مرگ حسی، مرگ روایی و حافظه‌ای (زوال حافظۀ حسی، زیست‌محیطی و سبز)، مرگ اجتماعی و مرگ اخلاقی است. یافته‌های این مقاله نشان می‌دهد که کاهش تنوع زیستی، افت کیفیت آب، نابودی منظر طبیعی، زوال بوها، صداها و رنگ‌های رودخانه، فراموشی روایت‌ها و آیین‌های محلی، حذف رودخانه از زندگی روزمرۀ شهروندان و تضعیف اخلاق زیست‌محیطی، همگی ابعاد مختلف این فرایند را شکل داده‌اند. این مقاله همچنین نشان می‌دهد که آلودگی رودخانه‌ها نوعی بی‌عدالتی میراثی است؛ زیرا نسل‌های آینده را از میراث طبیعی، فرهنگی و حسی محروم خواهد نمود. از این منظر، مفهوم میراث حسی به‌عنوان چارچوب نظری اصلی پژوهش معرفی می‌شود و نشان می‌دهد که رودخانه صرفاً جریانی روان از آب نیست، بلکه مجموعه‌ای از تجربه‌های حسی، حافظه‌های فرهنگی و روابط اجتماعی است که نابودی آن‌ها به معنای افول بخشی از هویت شهری تلقی می‌شود. در پایان، مقاله پیشنهاد می‌کند که احیای رودخانه‌های شهری تنها از طریق پروژه‌های مهندسی ممکن نیست، بلکه مستلزم بازسازی حافظۀ فرهنگی، عدالت میراثی، مشارکت شهروندان و احیای رابطۀ فرهنگی و زایای انسان و رودخانه است.
کلیدواژه‌ها
موضوعات

عنوان مقاله English

River Death and the Decline of Sensory Heritage: An Anthropological Study of the Transformation of Rasht’s Environmental Landscape

نویسنده English

Alireza Hassanzadeh
Associate Professor in Anthropology, Cultural Heritage, Tourism and Handicraft Research Institute, Tehran, Iran.
چکیده English

This article presents an anthropological analysis of the transformation of Rasht’s environmental landscape through an ethnographic study of the Zarjoub and Goharrood rivers in northern Iran. Historically, these rivers were integral components of the city’s ecological, economic, social, ritual, sensory, and narrative life. Fishing, transportation, trade, artisanal production, neighborhood formation, recreation, rituals, oral traditions, and everyday interactions were closely connected to the riverine landscape. The rivers also linked Rasht to Pirbazar, the Anzali Lagoon, and the Caspian Sea, locating the city within a broader aquatic and cultural network. The research draws on ethnographic fieldwork, participant observation, observation grounded in lived experience, interviews with residents of river-adjacent neighborhoods, urban specialists and other stakeholders, oral history, and historical documents. It argues that the present condition of the Zarjoub and Goharrood should be understood not merely as water pollution but through the concept of River Death: a multidimensional process involving ecological, sensory, narrative, mnemonic, ritual, economic, social, and moral decline. The findings show that biodiversity loss, deteriorating water quality, transformations in smell, sound, color, and landscape, erosion of collective memory and local narratives, ritual deactivation, loss of knowledge concerning the historical river economy, and exclusion of rivers from everyday urban life collectively constitute river death. Weakened intergenerational transmission of environmental heritage also produces heritage injustice, whereby younger and future generations are deprived of environmental, cultural, sensory, and mnemonic resources available to earlier generations. River death is further conceptualized as ecological time stoppage, occurring when recurrent relationships among water cycles, species, occupations, rituals, memories, and sensory practices are disrupted. River restoration therefore requires more than engineering intervention; it also demands ecological rehabilitation, revitalization of cultural memory and sensory relationships, environmental ethics, heritage justice, and meaningful public participation.

کلیدواژه‌ها English

River Death
Sensory Heritage
Heritage Justice
Environmental Anthropology
Cultural Memory
منابع
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