نامه انسان‌شناسی

نامه انسان‌شناسی

نقش رسانه‌های اجتماعی در کنشگری اجتماعی کردهای کشور ایران

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسنده
دانشجوی دکترای علوم ارتباطات دانشگاه تهران
چکیده
کنشگری دیجیتال بیانگر استفاده از فناوری‌های دیجیتال تلفن همراه و دستگاه‌های مبتنی بر اینترنت برای تغییرات سیاسی و اجتماعی است. در مبارزه برای تغییر دنیا، کنشگران اجتماعی فناوری‌های ارتباطی جدید را پذیرفته‌اند. از سال 1990 بحث‌ها درباره کنشگری اینترنتی و نحوه استفاده از رسانه‌های جدید توسط جنبش‌های اجتماعی افزایش یافته‌است. از جنبش زاپاتیستا در سال 1994 و تظاهرات سازمان تجارت جهانی در سال 1999 تا بهار عربی و جنبش اشغال جهانی در سال 2011، اینترنت نقش خود را در بسیج، سازماندهی، اطلاع‌رسانی و ارتباطات بین‌المللی برای اعتراض ثابت کرده است. هدف اصلی پژوهش حاضر، مطالعه کنشگری اجتماعی کردهای ایران در فضای مجازی است. داده‌های پژوهش با روش مردم‌نگاری مجازی و مصاحبه عمیق گردآوری شده‌ است. بر اساس یافته‌های پژوهش، اصلی‌ترین مزایای اینترنت و رسانه‌های اجتماعی برای کنشگران کرد، استفاده از شبکه‌های اجتماعی برای بیان هویت قومی، استفاده از زبان کردی توسط کردهای ایران، استفاده از اینترنت به‌مثابه رسانه جایگزین و ارتباط درون‌قومیتی با کردهای کشورهای دیگر است. همچنین از نظر کنشگران، کنشگری در فضای مجازی دارای معایبی نظیر نداشتن مهارت‌های لازم در استفاده از فضای مجازی، گسترش فعالیت‌های اسلکتیویستی و عدم تسلط به زبان مادری است.


 
کلیدواژه‌ها

عنوان مقاله English

The Role of Social Media in Social Activism of Kurds of Iran

نویسنده English

Sondos Mohammadi Novsudi
Ph.D. candidate in communication sciences, university of Tehran
چکیده English

Digital activism refers to the use of digital mobile technologies and Internet-based devices for political and social change. In the struggle to change the world, social activists have embraced new communication technologies. Since 1990s, debates about Internet activism and how new media have been used by social movements have increased. From the Zapatista movement in 1994 and the WTO demonstrations in 1999 to the Arab Spring and the global occupation movement in 2011, the Internet has proven its role in mobilizing, organizing, informing and communicating internationally to protest. The main purpose of this article is to study the social activism of Iranian Kurds in cyberspace. The data of the present study were collected by means of a combination of virtual ethnography and in-depth interviews. According to the findings, the main benefits of the Internet and social media for Kurdish activists include the use of social networks to express ethnic identity, the use of the Kurdish language by Iranian Kurds, the use of the Internet as an alternative media, and intra-ethnic communication with Kurds in other countries. According to cyberspace activists, there are disadvantages such as their lack of the skill necessory for making use of cyberspace, spread of slacktivical activities, and being illiterate in respect to mother tongue.

کلیدواژه‌ها English

cyberspace
ethnicity
intra- ethnic interaction
Kurds of Iran
digital activism
کیمی. رؤیا (1392). نقش شبکه‌های اجتماعی بر هویت: مطالعة موردی روی فیس‌بوک و کاربران کرد. مجلة جهانی رسانه. 11
عیاری. آذرنوش (1384). هویت قومی در اینترنت: بررسی عملکرد اینترنتی گروه‌های قومی آذری، بلوچ، ترکمن، عرب خوزستان و کرد. پایان‌نامة کارشناسی‌ارشد مردم‌شناسی. دانشگاه تهران
کاستلز. مانوئل (1393). شبکه‌های خشم و امید: جنبش‌های اجتماعی در عصر اینترنت. ترجمة مجتبی قلی‌پور. تهران: مرکز
Atton. C. (2002). Alternative Media. London: Sage
Barth. F. (1998). Ethnic Groups and Boundaries: The Social Organization of Culture Difference. Waveland Press
Bennett. W.L. (2003a). New Media Power: The Internet and Global Activism. In: N. Couldry, J. Curran. Contesting Media Power. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield. Pp: 17-37
Bennett. W.L (2003b). Communicating Global Activism. Information, Communication & Society. 6(2): 143-168
Bennett. W.L., Segerberg. A. (2012). The Logic of Connective Action: Digital Media and the Personalization of Contentious Politics. Information, Communication & Society. 15(5): 739–768
Brodock. K. (2010). Economic and Social Factors: The Digital (Activism) Divide. In: M. Joyce (ed). Digital Activism Decoded: The New Mechanics of Change. New York: International Debate Education Association. Pp: 71-84
Cammaerts. B. (2015). Social Media and Activism. In: R.  Mansell, P. Hwa (eds.). The International Encyclopedia of Digital Communication and Society. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell. Pp: 1027-1034
Christensen. H.S. (2011). Political Activities on the Internet: Slacktivism or Political Participation by Other Means? First Monday. 16(2): 1-10
Çınar. N. (2016). Understanding the Motives for Joining Ethnic Online Communities: A Study of Turks in Norway. Journal of Yasar University. 11(42)
Dahlberg-Grundberg. M. (2016). Digital Media and the Transnationalization of Protests. Department of Sociology. Umeå University
Di amandaki. K. (2003). Virtual Ethnicity and Digital Diasporas Identity Construction in Cyberspace. Global Media Journal. 2(2): 26
Di Gennaro. C., Dutton. W. (2006). The Internet and the Public: Online and Offline Political Participation in the United Kingdom. Parliamentary Affairs. 59(2): 299-313
Downing. J. (2001). Radical Media: Rebellious Communication and Social Movements. Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications
Elkins. D.J. (1997). Globalization, Telecommunication, and Virtual Ethnic Communities. International Political Science Review. 18(2): 139-152
Gerbaudo. P. (2012). Tweets and the Streets. London: Pluto Press
Gunter. M.M. (2009). The A to Z of the Kurds. Lanham
Harlow. S. (2012). Social Change and Social Media: Latin American Activists’ Use of Digital Tools in the Face of the Digital Divide. Presented at the The 2012 Congress of the Latin American Studies Association. San Francisco. California.
Harp. D., Bachmann. I., Guo. L. (2012). The Whole Online World Is Watching: Profiling Social Networking Sites and Activists in China, Latin America, and the United States. International Journal of Communication. 6(24)
Jacob. K. (2013). Facebook is my Second Home: The Kurdish Diaspora’s Use of Facebook in Shaping a Nation. (Master's Thesis in Digital Culture). University of Bergen. Department of Linguistic, Literary and Aesthetic Studies
Johnson. J.L., Callahan. C. (2013). Minority Cultures and Social Media: Magnifying Garifuna. Journal of Intercultural Communication Research. 42(4): 319–339
Joyce. M. (2010a). Digital Activism Decoded: The New Mechanics of Change. New York: International Debate Education Association
Joyce. M. (2010b). How to Think About Digital Activism. In: M. Joyce (eds). Digital Activism Decoded: The New Mechanics of Change. New York: International Debate Education Association. Pp: 1-14
Kahen. R., Kellner. D. (2004). New Media and Internet Activism: From the ‘Battle of Seattle’ to Blogging. New Media and Society. 6(1): 87–95
Karpf. D. (2010). Online Political Mobilization from the Advocacy Group's Perspective: Looking beyond Clicktivism. Policy & Internet. 2(4): 7-41
Koohi-Kamali. F. (2003). The Political Development of the Kurds in Iran: Pastoral Nationalism. Springer
Kreyenbroek. G.P., Sperl. S. (2005). The Kurds: A Contemporary Overview. London and New York: Routledge
Kristofferson. K., White. K., Peloza. J. (2014). The Nature of Slacktivism: How the Social Observability of an Initial Act of Token Support Affects Subsequent Prosocial Action. Journal of Consumer Research. 40(6): 1149–1166
Lee. Y.H., Hsieh. G. (2013). Does Slacktivism Hurt Activism? The Effects of Moral Balancing and Consistency in Online Activism. In Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. Pp: 811-820
Lim. M. (2012). Clicks, Cabs and Coffee Houses: Social Media and Oppositional Movements in Egypt 2004-2011. Journal of Communication. 62(2): 231- 248
Lotan. G., Graeff. E., Ananny. M., Gaffney. D., Pearce. I., boyd. d. (2011). The Revolutions Were Tweeted: Information Flows during the 2011 Tunisian and Egyptian Revolutions. International Journal of Communication. 5: 1375- 1405
Morozov. E. (2009a). From Slacktivism to Activism. Foreign Policy. 5
Morozov. E (2009b). The Brave New World of Slacktivism. Foreign Policy. 19
Mutsvairo. B. (2016). Dovetailing Desires for Democracy with New ICTs’ Potentiality as Platform for Activism. In: B. Mutsvairo (ed). Digital Activism in the Social Media Era. London: Palgrave Macmillan. Pp: 3-23
Norris. P. (2001). Digital Divide: Civic Engagement, Information Poverty, and the Internet Worldwide. Cambridge University Press
Poell. T., van Dijck. J. (2015). Social Media and Activist Communication. In: C. Atton (ed). The Routledge Companion to Alternative and Community Media. London: Routledge. Pp: 527-537
Poster. M. (2001). What's the Matter with the Internet? Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press
Ratcliffe. P. (2005). Conceptualizing Race, Ethnicity and Nation: Towards a Comparative Perspective. In: P. Ratcliffe (ed). Race, Ethnicity and Nation: International Perspectives on Social Conflict. London: UCL Press. Pp: 2-21
Ratcliffe. P (2010). Ethnic Group. Sociopedia. Isa. 1-10.
Rice. E., Haynes. E., Royce. P., Thompson. S. (2016). Social Media and Digital Technology Use among Indigenous Young People in Australia: A Literature Review. International Journal for Equity in Health. 15
Rigoni. I. (2003). Ethnic Media, an Alternative Form of Citizenship. In: New Media, Technology and Everyday Life in Europe, EMTEL Conference. London School of Economics. London
Rodriguez. C. (2001). From Alternative Media to “Citizens” Media. In: Fissures in the Mediascape. Cresskill, NJ: Hampton Press. Pp: 1-23
Romano. D. (2002). Modern Communications Technology in Ethnic Nationalist Hands: The Case of the Kurds. Canadian Journal of Political Science. 35(1): 127-149
Rotman. D., Vieweg. S., Yardi. S., Chi, E., Preece. J., Shneiderman. B., Pirolli. P., Glaisyer. T. (2011). From Slacktivism to Activism: Participatory Culture in the Age of Social Media. Ext. Abstracts CHI 2011. ACM Press
Sandoval-Almazan. R., Gil-Garcia. J.R. (2014). Towards Cyberactivism 2.0 Understanding the Use of Social Media and Other Information Technologies for Political Activism and Social Movements. Government Information Quarterly. 31(3): 365–378
Sheyholislami. J. (2010). Identity, language, and New Media: The Kurdish Case. Language Policy. 9(4): 289-312
Sheyholislami. J (2011). Kurdish Identity, Discourse, and New Media. Springer
Skoric. M.M. (2012). What Is Slack about Slacktivism. Methodological and Conceptual Issues in Cyber Activism Research. 77: 77-92
Tarrow. S. (2005). The New Transnational Activism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
Taysi. T., Yildiz. K. (2007). The Kurds in Iran: The Past, Present and Future. London: Pluto Press
Thorson. K., Driscoll. K., Ekdale. B., Edgerly. S., Thompson. L.G., Schrock. A., Wells. C. (2013). YouTube, Twitter and the Occupy Movement: Connecting Content and Circulation Practices. Information, Communication & Society. 16(3): 421-451
Torelli, S.M. (2017). Kurdisdtan. An Invisible Nation. Edizioni Epoke
Van Laer. J., Van Aelst. P. (2010). Internet and Social Movement Action Repertoires. Information, Communication & Society. 13(8): 1146-1171
Wan. E., Vanderwerf. M. (2009). A Review of the Literature on Ethnicity, National Identity and Related Missiological Studies. Global Missiology English. 3(6): 1 – 58
White. M. (2010). Clicktivism is Ruining Leftist Activism. The Guardian. 12